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Top level domain

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About Top Level Domain (TLD)

Top level domain (TLD, from the English Top Level Domain) is an Internet top level domain (TLD) internet domain tree. The domain name top level domain (TLD) is listed at the end (eg cs.wiki.org the top-level domain org).
Top Level Domain (TLD) describes the core group of domain names, domain names, such as all of the state. Top Level Domains (TLDs) are fixed by IANA Internet standardization. There are three types of Top Level Domain (TLD) following: National Top Level Domain (TLD) country code top level domain (ccTLD) domain comprising one state. Their name is a two letter, with few exceptions the corresponding country code in ISO 3166-1, for example, en for the Czech Republic.
Generic TLDs (generic TLD, gTLD), comprising a general domain (eg org for nonprofit organizations), not associated with one particular state (with the exception miles gov TLD, which are reserved for historical reasons, the military, respectively. Government computer network in the U.S. ).
Infrastructure Top Level Domains (TLDs) used for the internal mechanisms of the Internet. Currently there is one such Top Level Domains (TLDs): ARPA, used by the Domain Name System (DNS).

National top level domain (tld)

National top level domain (in English country-code TLD, ccTLD) is a top-level domain for the common domain of the state or dependent territory. Its name is a two-letter and exceptions corresponding country code in ISO 3166-1. For example domain .cz is intended for computer networks in the Czech Republic.

General Information

In each State shall determine the appropriate contry code top level domain (ccTLD) rules by which the domain names in the TLD assigned. Some states allow you to register the name in any Top Level Domain (TLD) national candidates, regardless of whether the relevant state has something in common. Among these states and territories including its CR domain .Com, as well as Armenia (.Am), Italy (.It), Jersey (.JS), Cocos Islands (.Cc), Germany (.De), Niue (.nu), Austria (.at), Samoa (.ws), Tonga (.to), Turkmenistan (.tm) and Tuvalu (.TV). This allows the existence of "interesting" domain names such as whatis.to, I.am (English I) start.at (Eng. begin with), go.to (Eng. go on).
Other states and dependent territories allow registration of domain in the TLD only to citizens or corporations of the country. Example is Canada (.Ca), Mongolia (.Mn) and Slovakia (.SK).
Unique project launched Tokelau (.Tk) on your site allows the registration of domain names for free.
Most national domain uses the country code according to ISO 3166-1. Some contry code top level domain (ccTLD), however, fail to comply with this convention.

ISO 3166-1, not country code Top Level Domain (ccTLD)

• .Eh - reserved for Western Sahara, was officially assigned and is not entered in the DNS system
• .Kp - reserved for North Korea
• .TL - East Timor, currently using an older code .Tp
• .Cs - Serbia and Montenegro, was originally contry code top level domain (ccTLD) .Cs for Czechoslovakia, now Czech replaced .CZ and Slovak .SK, Serbia and Montenegro used contry code top level domain (ccTLD) .Yu
• .Ax - Aland

Unused country code top level domain (ccTLD)

They are entered in the DNS, but there are no subdomains and they are not accepted in the register domains Top Level Domain (TLD).

• .Bv - Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (uninhabited island declared a nature reserve)
• . Sj - Svalbard Norway dependent territory
• . Gb - United Kingdom, currently the only registered domain name (dra.hmg.gb), but only for e-mail, web page does not exist. No new registrations are not accepted. Instead, it uses the domain
• . So - Somalia, due to the current instability in the country does not take place in the domain registration

Contry code top level domain (ccTLD) that are not ISO 3166-1

• .Ac - Ascension
• .Gg - Guernsey
• .Im - Isle of Man
• .Js - Jersey: The following codes are among the codes that are in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserved for the International Postal Union UPU. IANA in 1996 authorized the use of such codes, but later canceled the license and these are the only TLDs that were allocated under this rule
• .Su - (now no longer valid ISO 3166-1 code for the Soviet Union) in 2001, it was decided that further registration will no longer be accepted, but the domain is still active and still in 2005, gave the domain to register for 100, - USD
• .Tp - (older ISO 3166-1 code for East Timor): East Timor uses this older code instead of the valid code button
• .Ind. - ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB, but in previous computer network identifier was used. Ind., which is reflected in the TLD. It was later assigned as the TLD. Gb, the aim was a gradual transition to the code to do but never took place and widely used. Charles already is difficult to change
• .Yu - (now invalid ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia): used for Serbia and Montenegro instead of the correct code.
• .Eu - At the 25th meeting of ICANN September 2000 decided to permit the use of codes that are in the ISO 3166-1 reserved for any use. Only one of these existing code is reserved for the EU European Union

CcTLD or longer, or ISO 3166-1
.Zr - Zaire This state's official name Democratic Republic of Congo uses a domain .Cd contry code top level domain (ccTLD).

Generic top level domain (gTLD)

Generic top level domain (English generic top-level domain, abbreviated generic TLD or gTLD) is a top level domain (at least theoretically) common to the type of entities. Her name is at least three-letter.

Division of generic Top Level Domain (gTLD)

This is only a rough translation from English. In the Czech nomenclature for dividing these domains exist.

Unlimited Top Level Domain (TLD)

their use is not restricted

• .Com
• .Info
• .Net
• .Org
• .Eu

Reserved Top Level Domain (TLD)

are designed for a specific purpose, but not required

• .Name

Defined Top Level Domain (TLD)

can be used only for the purpose

• .Biz
• .Int
• .For
• .Xxx

Guaranteed Top Level Domain (TLD)

can be used only for the purpose, in addition to the guarantor - the organization providing the conditions for registration and supervising the operation. They are called sTLD (sponsored by Top Level Domain (sTLD), where the sponsor is supervisor)

• .Aero
• .Cat
• .Coop
• .Jobs
• .Mobility
• .Museum
• .Travel

Exclusive Top Level Domain (TLD)

these domains may be used only in the U.S., but with more or less restrictions

• .Edu
• .Gov
• .Miles

Infrastructure Top Level Domain (TLD)

private

• .Arpa
• .Root

Cancelled Top Level Domain (TLD)

• .Later

Reserved Top Level Domain (TLD)

• .Example
• .Invalid
• .Localhost
• .Test

Upcoming Top Level Domain (TLD)

• .Tel
• .Post
• .Free
• .Asia
• .Geo
• .Kid
• .Mail
• .Sco
• .Web
• .Bitnet
• .Csnet
• .Onion
• .Uucp

List of existing generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs)

There are the generic TLDs:

• .Aero - for the aerospace industry
• .Biz - for business (business)
• .Cat - for Catalan linguistic and cultural community (catalan)
• .Com - for commercial (profit) organizations (commercial)
• .Coop - for cooperatives and credit associations (cooperative)
• .Edu - for educational institutions in the U.S. (education)
• .Gov - U.S. Government (government)
• .Info - for servers with information (virtually unlimited use)
• .Int - for international organizations established by international agreements (international)
• .Jobs - for human resources
• .Miles - to the U.S. Army (Military)
• .Mobi - providers of mobile products (mobile)
• .Museum - for museums
• .Name - for individual's personal pages
• .Net - for organizations providing network traffic (network)
• .Org - for-profit organization (organization)
• .For - for professionals, professional associations, etc. (Professional)
• .Travel - for tourism

Some history about Top Level Domain (TLD)

Originally (January 1985) there were only following six generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs):

• .Com - commercial entities
• .Edu - U.S. educational organization
• .Gov - U.S. Government
• .Net - organizations focused on providing network services and infrastructure
• .Org - non-commercial organizations and civic associations
• .Mil - U.S. military

Of these generic domains are now the domain .Com, .Net and .Org fully open, ie. Anyone can register them under the domain regardless of whether it meets the intended objectives of the domain .So, for example, there are commercial companies that use a domain name with the Top Level Domain (TLD) .Net Domain Name.
In December 1988, created the seventh generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs):. Int. It serves international organizations established under international agreements (eg eu.int European Union). The reason for its establishment was the requirement for NATO's own domain. This domain was also included in some international database of Internet infrastructure such as ip6.int, used for IPv6 reverse address translation system (DNS in-addr.arpa equivalent, which for IPv4). In May 2000 it was decided that all other similar databases will be set up in a specialized infrastructure domain. Arpa.
In the mid 90 years began to be apparent need for a large number of domain names (gTLDs mainly. com), which resulted in the requirement for the introduction of new gTLDs. 4th February 1997 it was proposed seven new gTLDs (.arts .firm .info .nom .rec .and .store .web). This proposal was not to oppose the U.S. government executed.
Since October 1998, the administration of domain names, ICANN deals. She joined the public debate on the 16th December 2000 following the introduction of seven new gTLDs:

• .Aero Domain Name
• .Biz Domain Name
• .Coop Domain Name
• .Info Domain Name
• .Museum Domain Name
• .Name Domain Name
• .For Domain Name

Currently it is planned to create additional generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs). Proposed the following domains: .Asia .Geo .Kid .Mail .Post .Sco .Tel .And .Web and .Xxx Domain Name.

Other historical information on Top Level Domains (TLDs)

In the 80 years later, the TLD was created for NATO, since none of the then existing TLDs did not suit the status of international organizations. Soon after, however, was created int TLD devoted to international organizations, NATO now uses a domain nato.int. Unused TLD later was later (in June 1996) be repealed.
In the past the Internet was just one of many computer networks. Computers not connected to the Internet, but only in specialized networks (such as Bitnet or UUCP), may by special gateway to send e-mails and the Internet, even to him were not themselves connected. For the designation of such computers were often used as pseudo domain. Or Bitnet. Uucp. These domains, however, never really existed in the DNS. If you now use these specialized networks, usually no longer use standard Internet domain pseudo-domain and these are now only a historical relic.

Reserved Top Level Domain (TLD)

RFC 2606 specifies the following four specific domain names that are reserved for various purposes, with the guarantee that such domains will never be in the global domain tree to exist:

• .Example - reserved for use in the examples in the documentation, etc
• .Invalid - reserved for use as an apparently non-existent name
• .Localhost - reserved for the traditional use of the term localhost

Alternative Top Level Domain (TLD)

There are other trees, independent of IANA, using alternative DNS root. Such a tree can anybody run with their own DNS. The Internet was a network of alternative domain name servers operated by example .Biz before its official approval. Czech community CZFree.Net network infrastructure uses in its top-level domain .Czf,

Domain Name

Internet domain (domain name) is a unique name (identifier) computers or computer networks that are connected to the Internet. An example is the domain name www.freetopleveldomainname.com or name-domain-name.name.

Syntax Domain Name

A domain name consists of a series of several parts separated by dots. The parts are sorted by the generality: the first part (eg, en) is the most concrete, it can describe a specific computer, the last part (eg, org) is the most general, describes a large group of computers and networks. The last part is called top level domain (top level domain, TLD) and describes how to partition the country and the wider group of organizations (for details see separate article). The parts are sometimes numbered (again from the back), so as org domain is first level, second is the domain wikipedia.org levels, etc.

The domain names can use only a small part of the ASCII characters: characters English alphabet, numbers and hyphens (each part of the name must not begin or end with a hyphen). Names are not case-sensitive (www.freetopleveldomainname.com describes the same computer as WWW.freetopleveldomainname.COM), and each part of the name can be up to 63 characters long. Length of the name can be up to 255 (number of parts is not limited, ie., The name may be theoretically composed of 127 parts of the single letter).

The expansion of the Internet to countries that use different fonts, relatively recently begun start IDN system allowing the use of arbitrary Unicode characters in domain names. For backward compatibility, but other characters can not be directly used in the present system, therefore the "standard" characters before using a special process to convert a sequence of "normal" characters in a special code. For example. www.freetopleveldomainname.com domain name is converted to www.xn - freesdkaftopdsjkahleveldksjadomaindsjkaname45622.com. This process is transparent for the average user does not have to worry about him. IDN system already in some parts of the world (eg the German domain. De) works for the Czech domain .CZ but not yet

Importance Domain Name

Space domain name consists of a tree. The root of this tree is a special reserved domain name blank. Under this root are arranged all Top Level Domains (TLDs). In other second level domains levels, etc.

Top Level Domains

Number of first-level domains is limited (see list), and approve or IANA. ICANN. We find among them: general domain (generic, gTLD) - 20 domains, for example. com,. net. org. edu or later. info. biz, ... some of them are sponsored by organizations that sponsors award subdomains by restrictive rules, for example .aero for air travel or. museum for museums, national domain (ccTLD) - nearly 250 domains, according to ISO 3166 abbreviations two letter States, for example .cz, .de, .be and more.

Domain alias

Domain alias means that leads to the same server, multiple domains. We can also use the example domain and myfirm.us myfirm.com that refer to the same space for the pages on the server.

The DNS (Domain Name System) system

The actual communication takes place between computers using the IP protocol, which is called computer numeric addresses (IP addresses). Therefore, before starting communication must find out which IP address matches the domain name. This is a network of specialized computers that the domain name application to send a reply containing the appropriate numeric address (and the opposite is also provided service). The system of computers called DNS (Domain Name System).

Information about registered domains

Internet domains registered to keep the details of their operators. To do this whois database from which it can be freely obtained using a variety of tools. This information can also be used to determine whether the domain is free or not.